Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCI technology has been widely studied because it is non-invasive, simple to operate, and low cost 5, 6. Using BCI technology, brain signals are acquired, processed, and encoded into commands to control external devices 3, 4. This study also demonstrated that the FF-SSMVEP-based BCI system has low contrast and low visual fatigue, offering a better alternative to conventional SSVEP-based BCIs.īrain-computer interface (BCI) is a technology that bypasses the human’s normal peripheral-nerve pathways to intuitively control an external device using brain signals 1, 2. A 40-target online SSMVEP-based BCI system was achieved that provided an ITR up to 1.52 bits per second (91.2 bits/min), and user training was not required to use this system. More stimulation frequencies could thus be selected to elicit more responding fundamental peaks without overlap with harmonic peaks. These FF-SSMVEPs evoked “single fundamental peak” responses after signal processing without harmonic and subharmonic peaks. Compared with SSVEPs, few harmonic responses were elicited by FF-SSMVEPs, and the frequency energy of SSMVEPs was concentrative. Ring-shaped motion checkerboard patterns with oscillating expansion and contraction motions were presented by a high-refresh-rate display for visual stimuli, and the brightness of the stimuli was kept constant. In our study, a flicker-free steady-state motion visual evoked potential (FF-SSMVEP)-based BCI was proposed. However, the uncomfortable flicker or brightness modulation of existing methods restricts the practical interactivity of BCI applications. Visual evoked potential-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been widely investigated because of their easy system configuration and high information transfer rate (ITR).
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